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ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers from DeepLearning.AI

Michaelliu_dev 2024-10-05 12:01:04

简介ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers from DeepLearning.AI

链接：https://learn.deeplearning.ai/chatgpt-prompt-eng/lesson/1/introduction

In this course, there are some example codes that you can already run in Jupyter Notebook. Below, I will write down the core knowledge points (how to build a prompt and how the prompt looks like in each application. So, this blog contains more notes than tutorials). If you want to know more details, please refer to the link at the beginning of this article.

1. introduce

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Two Types of large language models(LLMs)

Base LLM
- Predicts next word, based on text training data
Instruction Tuned LLM
- Tries to follow instuctions
- Fine-tune on instructions and good attempts at following those instructions
- usually use tech named RLHF (Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback)

This course will focus on best practices for instruction-tuned LLMs.

2. GuideLines

In this lesson, you’ll practice two prompting principles and their related tactics in order to write effective prompts for large language models.

2.1 how to set your prompt

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Principle 1 - Write clear and specific instructions (clear ≠ short）
- Tactic 1: Use delimiters to clearly indicate distinct parts of the input
  - Delimiters can be anything like: ```, “”", < >, , :

# prompt example:
text = f"""
You should express what you want a model to do by  
providing instructions that are as clear and  
specific as you can possibly make them.  
This will guide the model towards the desired output,  
and reduce the chances of receiving irrelevant  
or incorrect responses. Don't confuse writing a  
clear prompt with writing a short prompt.  
In many cases, longer prompts provide more clarity  
and context for the model, which can lead to  
more detailed and relevant outputs.
"""
prompt = f"""
Summarize the text delimited by triple backticks  
into a single sentence.
```{text}```
"""

- Tactic 2: Ask for a structured output
  - JSON, HTML

#prompt example:
prompt = f"""
Generate a list of three made-up book titles along  
with their authors and genres. 
Provide them in JSON format with the following keys: 
book_id, title, author, genre.
"""

- Tactic 3: Ask the model to check whether conditions are satisfied

# prompt example
text_1 = f"""
Making a cup of tea is easy! First, you need to get some  
water boiling. While that's happening,  
grab a cup and put a tea bag in it. Once the water is  
hot enough, just pour it over the tea bag.  
Let it sit for a bit so the tea can steep. After a  
few minutes, take out the tea bag. If you  
like, you can add some sugar or milk to taste.  
And that's it! You've got yourself a delicious  
cup of tea to enjoy.
"""
prompt = f"""
You will be provided with text delimited by triple quotes. 
If it contains a sequence of instructions,  
re-write those instructions in the following format:

Step 1 - ...
Step 2 - …
…
Step N - …

If the text does not contain a sequence of instructions,  
then simply write "No steps provided."

"""{text_1}"""
"""

- Tactic 4: “Few-shot” prompting

#prompt example
prompt = f"""
Your task is to answer in a consistent style.

<child>: Teach me about patience.

<grandparent>: The river that carves the deepest  
valley flows from a modest spring; the  
grandest symphony originates from a single note;  
the most intricate tapestry begins with a solitary thread.

<child>: Teach me about resilience.
"""

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Principle 2 - Give the model time to think
- Tactic 1: Specify the steps required to complete a task

#prompt example
text = f"""
In a charming village, siblings Jack and Jill set out on  
a quest to fetch water from a hilltop  
well. As they climbed, singing joyfully, misfortune  
struck—Jack tripped on a stone and tumbled  
down the hill, with Jill following suit.  
Though slightly battered, the pair returned home to  
comforting embraces. Despite the mishap,  
their adventurous spirits remained undimmed, and they  
continued exploring with delight.
"""
# example 1
prompt_1 = f"""
Perform the following actions: 
1 - Summarize the following text delimited by triple 
backticks with 1 sentence.
2 - Translate the summary into French.
3 - List each name in the French summary.
4 - Output a json object that contains the following 
keys: french_summary, num_names.

Separate your answers with line breaks.

Text:
```{text}```
"""

- Tactic 2: Instruct the model to work out its own solution before rushing to a conclusion

#prompt example:
prompt = f"""
Your task is to determine if the student's solution 
is correct or not.
To solve the problem do the following:
- First, work out your own solution to the problem. 
- Then compare your solution to the student's solution  
and evaluate if the student's solution is correct or not. 
Don't decide if the student's solution is correct until 
you have done the problem yourself.

Use the following format:
Question:
···
question here
···
Student's solution:
···
student's solution here
···
Actual solution:
···
steps to work out the solution and your solution here
···
Is the student's solution the same as actual solution 
just calculated:
···
yes or no
···
Student grade:
···
correct or incorrect
···

Question:
···
I'm building a solar power installation and I need help 
working out the financials. 
- Land costs $100 / square foot
- I can buy solar panels for $250 / square foot
- I negotiated a contract for maintenance that will cost 
me a flat $100k per year, and an additional $10 / square 
foot
What is the total cost for the first year of operations 
as a function of the number of square feet.
···
Student's solution:
···
Let x be the size of the installation in square feet.
Costs:
1. Land cost: 100x
2. Solar panel cost: 250x
3. Maintenance cost: 100,000 + 100x
Total cost: 100x + 250x + 100,000 + 100x = 450x + 100,000
···
Actual solution:
"""

2.2 Model Limitations

LLMs may cause some hallucinations. (Makes statements that sound plausible but are not true.)
Solutions ( reducing hallucinations ): First find relevant information, then answer the question based on the relevant information.

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3. Iterative (Iterative Prompt Development)

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In this lesson, you’ll iteratively analyze and refine your prompts to generate marketing copy from a product fact sheet.

Prompt guidelines:

Be clear and specific
Analyse why result dose not give desired output
Refine the idea and the prompt
Repeat

Iterative Process

Try something
Analyse where the result dose not give what you want
Clarify instructions, give more time to think
Refine prompts with a banch of examples

Example:
fact_sheet_chair = """
OVERVIEW
- Part of a beautiful family of mid-century inspired office furniture, 
including filing cabinets, desks, bookcases, meeting tables, and more.
- Several options of shell color and base finishes.
- Available with plastic back and front upholstery (SWC-100) 
or full upholstery (SWC-110) in 10 fabric and 6 leather options.
- Base finish options are: stainless steel, matte black, 
gloss white, or chrome.
- Chair is available with or without armrests.
- Suitable for home or business settings.
- Qualified for contract use.

CONSTRUCTION
- 5-wheel plastic coated aluminum base.
- Pneumatic chair adjust for easy raise/lower action.

DIMENSIONS
- WIDTH 53 CM | 20.87”
- DEPTH 51 CM | 20.08”
- HEIGHT 80 CM | 31.50”
- SEAT HEIGHT 44 CM | 17.32”
- SEAT DEPTH 41 CM | 16.14”

OPTIONS
- Soft or hard-floor caster options.
- Two choices of seat foam densities: 
 medium (1.8 lb/ft3) or high (2.8 lb/ft3)
- Armless or 8 position PU armrests 

MATERIALS
SHELL BASE GLIDER
- Cast Aluminum with modified nylon PA6/PA66 coating.
- Shell thickness: 10 mm.
SEAT
- HD36 foam

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
- Italy
"""
prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""

Issue 1: The text is too long
You’ll get long text from model when using the above prompt.
Solution: Limit the number of words/sentences/characters.

prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

Use at most 50 words.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""

Issue 2. Text focuses on the wrong details
Solution: Ask it to focus on the aspects that are relevant to the intended audience.

prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

The description is intended for furniture retailers, 
so should be technical in nature and focus on the 
materials the product is constructed from.

At the end of the description, include every 7-character 
Product ID in the technical specification.

Use at most 50 words.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""

Issue 3. Description needs a table of dimensions
Solution: Ask it to extract information and organize it in a table.

prompt = f"""
Your task is to help a marketing team create a 
description for a retail website of a product based 
on a technical fact sheet.

Write a product description based on the information 
provided in the technical specifications delimited by 
triple backticks.

The description is intended for furniture retailers, 
so should be technical in nature and focus on the 
materials the product is constructed from.

At the end of the description, include every 7-character 
Product ID in the technical specification.

After the description, include a table that gives the 
product's dimensions. The table should have two columns.
In the first column include the name of the dimension. 
In the second column include the measurements in inches only.

Give the table the title 'Product Dimensions'.

Format everything as HTML that can be used in a website. 
Place the description in a <div> element.

Technical specifications: ```{fact_sheet_chair}```
"""

4. Summerizing (Summerize text)

In this lesson, you will summarize text with a focus on specific topics.

Examples:
text to summerize
prod_review = """
Got this panda plush toy for my daughter's birthday, 
who loves it and takes it everywhere. It's soft and  
super cute, and its face has a friendly look. It's  
a bit small for what I paid though. I think there  
might be other options that are bigger for the  
same price. It arrived a day earlier than expected,  
so I got to play with it myself before I gave it  
to her.
"""

Summarize with a word/sentence/character limit

prompt = f"""
Your task is to generate a short summary of a product 
review from an ecommerce site. 

Summarize the review below, delimited by triple 
backticks, in at most 30 words. 

Review: ```{prod_review}```
"""

Summarize with a focus on shipping and delivery

prompt = f"""
Your task is to generate a short summary of a product 
review from an ecommerce site to give feedback to the 
Shipping deparmtment. 

Summarize the review below, delimited by triple 
backticks, in at most 30 words, and focusing on any aspects 
that mention shipping and delivery of the product. 

Review: ```{prod_review}```
"""

Summarize with a focus on price and value

prompt = f"""
Your task is to generate a short summary of a product 
review from an ecommerce site to give feedback to the 
pricing deparmtment, responsible for determining the 
price of the product.  

Summarize the review below, delimited by triple 
backticks, in at most 30 words, and focusing on any aspects 
that are relevant to the price and perceived value. 

Review: ```{prod_review}```
"""

Summarize multiple product reviews

review_1 = prod_review 

# review for a standing lamp
review_2 = """
Needed a nice lamp for my bedroom, and this one 
had additional storage and not too high of a price 
point. Got it fast - arrived in 2 days. The string 
to the lamp broke during the transit and the company 
happily sent over a new one. Came within a few days 
as well. It was easy to put together. Then I had a 
missing part, so I contacted their support and they 
very quickly got me the missing piece! Seems to me 
to be a great company that cares about their customers 
and products. 
"""

# review for an electric toothbrush
review_3 = """
My dental hygienist recommended an electric toothbrush, 
which is why I got this. The battery life seems to be 
pretty impressive so far. After initial charging and 
leaving the charger plugged in for the first week to 
condition the battery, I've unplugged the charger and 
been using it for twice daily brushing for the last 
3 weeks all on the same charge. But the toothbrush head 
is too small. I’ve seen baby toothbrushes bigger than 
this one. I wish the head was bigger with different 
length bristles to get between teeth better because 
this one doesn’t.  Overall if you can get this one 
around the $50 mark, it's a good deal. The manufactuer's 
replacements heads are pretty expensive, but you can 
get generic ones that're more reasonably priced. This 
toothbrush makes me feel like I've been to the dentist 
every day. My teeth feel sparkly clean! 
"""

# review for a blender
review_4 = """
So, they still had the 17 piece system on seasonal 
sale for around $49 in the month of November, about 
half off, but for some reason (call it price gouging) 
around the second week of December the prices all went 
up to about anywhere from between $70-$89 for the same 
system. And the 11 piece system went up around $10 or 
so in price also from the earlier sale price of $29. 
So it looks okay, but if you look at the base, the part 
where the blade locks into place doesn’t look as good 
as in previous editions from a few years ago, but I 
plan to be very gentle with it (example, I crush 
very hard items like beans, ice, rice, etc. in the  
blender first then pulverize them in the serving size 
I want in the blender then switch to the whipping 
blade for a finer flour, and use the cross cutting blade 
first when making smoothies, then use the flat blade 
if I need them finer/less pulpy). Special tip when making 
smoothies, finely cut and freeze the fruits and 
vegetables (if using spinach-lightly stew soften the  
spinach then freeze until ready for use-and if making 
sorbet, use a small to medium sized food processor)  
that you plan to use that way you can avoid adding so 
much ice if at all-when making your smoothie. 
After about a year, the motor was making a funny noise. 
I called customer service but the warranty expired 
already, so I had to buy another one. FYI: The overall 
quality has gone done in these types of products, so 
they are kind of counting on brand recognition and 
consumer loyalty to maintain sales. Got it in about 
two days.
"""

reviews = [review_1, review_2, review_3, review_4]

for i in range(len(reviews)):
    prompt = f"""
    Your task is to generate a short summary of a product  
    review from an ecommerce site. 

    Summarize the review below, delimited by triple 
    backticks in at most 20 words. 

    Review: ```{reviews[i]}```
    """
    ```
## 5. Inferring (Sentiment (Positive/negative) and more)
In this lesson, you will infer sentiment and topics from product reviews and news articles.

**Example text 1:**
* review text
```python 
lamp_review = """
Needed a nice lamp for my bedroom, and this one had 
additional storage and not too high of a price point. 
Got it fast.  The string to our lamp broke during the 
transit and the company happily sent over a new one. 
Came within a few days as well. It was easy to put 
together.  I had a missing part, so I contacted their 
support and they very quickly got me the missing piece! 
Lumina seems to me to be a great company that cares 
about their customers and products!!
"""

Sentiment (positive/negative)

prompt = f"""
What is the sentiment of the following product review, 
which is delimited with triple backticks?

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""
Identify types of emotions
prompt = f"""
Identify a list of emotions that the writer of the 
following review is expressing. Include no more than 
five items in the list. Format your answer as a list of 
lower-case words separated by commas.

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""

Identify anger

prompt = f"""
Is the writer of the following review expressing anger?
The review is delimited with triple backticks. 
Give your answer as either yes or no.

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""

Extract product and company name from customer reviews

prompt = f"""
Identify the following items from the review text: 
- Item purchased by reviewer
- Company that made the item

The review is delimited with triple backticks. 
Format your response as a JSON object with 
"Item" and "Brand" as the keys. 
If the information isn't present, use "unknown" 
as the value.
Make your response as short as possible.
  
Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""

Doing multiple tasks at once

prompt = f"""
Identify the following items from the review text: 
- Sentiment (positive or negative)
- Is the reviewer expressing anger? (true or false)
- Item purchased by reviewer
- Company that made the item

The review is delimited with triple backticks. 
Format your response as a JSON object with 
"Sentiment", "Anger", "Item" and "Brand" as the keys.
If the information isn't present, use "unknown" 
as the value.
Make your response as short as possible.
Format the Anger value as a boolean.

Review text: '''{lamp_review}'''
"""

Example text 2:

story text

story = """
In a recent survey conducted by the government, 
public sector employees were asked to rate their level 
of satisfaction with the department they work at. 
The results revealed that NASA was the most popular 
department with a satisfaction rating of 95%.

One NASA employee, John Smith, commented on the findings, 
stating, "I'm not surprised that NASA came out on top. 
It's a great place to work with amazing people and 
incredible opportunities. I'm proud to be a part of 
such an innovative organization."

The results were also welcomed by NASA's management team, 
with Director Tom Johnson stating, "We are thrilled to 
hear that our employees are satisfied with their work at NASA. 
We have a talented and dedicated team who work tirelessly 
to achieve our goals, and it's fantastic to see that their 
hard work is paying off."

The survey also revealed that the 
Social Security Administration had the lowest satisfaction 
rating, with only 45% of employees indicating they were 
satisfied with their job. The government has pledged to 
address the concerns raised by employees in the survey and 
work towards improving job satisfaction across all departments.
"""

Infer 5 topics

prompt = f"""
Determine five topics that are being discussed in the 
following text, which is delimited by triple backticks.

Make each item one or two words long. 

Format your response as a list of items separated by commas.

Text sample: '''{story}'''
"""
Make a news alert for certain topics
topic_list = [
    "nasa", "local government", "engineering", 
    "employee satisfaction", "federal government"
]

prompt = f"""
Determine whether each item in the following list of 
topics is a topic in the text below, which
is delimited with triple backticks.

Give your answer as list with 0 or 1 for each topic.

List of topics: {", ".join(topic_list)}

Text sample: '''{story}'''

6. Transforming (Translating to a different lanuage, and more)

In this lesson, we will explore how to use Large Language Models for text transformation tasks such as language translation, spelling and grammar checking, tone adjustment, and format conversion.

translation

prompt = f"""
Translate the following English text to Spanish:  
```Hi, I would like to order a blender```
"""

prompt = f"""
Tell me which language this is: 
```Combien coûte le lampadaire?```
"""

prompt = f"""
Translate the following  text to French and Spanish
and English pirate: 
```I want to order a basketball```
"""

prompt = f"""
Translate the following text to Spanish in both the 
formal and informal forms: 
'Would you like to order a pillow?'
"""

Universal Translator

user_messages = [
  "La performance du système est plus lente que d'habitude.",  # System performance is slower than normal         
  "Mi monitor tiene píxeles que no se iluminan.",              # My monitor has pixels that are not lighting
  "Il mio mouse non funziona",                                 # My mouse is not working
  "Mój klawisz Ctrl jest zepsuty",                             # My keyboard has a broken control key
  "我的屏幕在闪烁"                                               # My screen is flashing
] 
for issue in user_messages:
    prompt = f"Tell me what language this is: ```{issue}```"

    prompt = f"""
    Translate the following  text to English 
    and Korean: ```{issue}```
    """

tone transformation

prompt = f"""
Translate the following from slang to a business letter: 
'Dude, This is Joe, check out this spec on this standing lamp.'
"""

format conversion

data_json = { "resturant employees" :[ 
    {"name":"Shyam", "email":"shyamjaiswal@gmail.com"},
    {"name":"Bob", "email":"bob32@gmail.com"},
    {"name":"Jai", "email":"jai87@gmail.com"}
]}

prompt = f"""
Translate the following python dictionary from JSON to an HTML 
table with column headers and title: {data_json}
"""

Spellcheck/Grammar check

text = [ 
  "The girl with the black and white puppies have a ball.",  # The girl has a ball.
  "Yolanda has her notebook.", # ok
  "Its going to be a long day. Does the car need it’s oil changed?",  # Homonyms
  "Their goes my freedom. There going to bring they’re suitcases.",  # Homonyms
  "Your going to need you’re notebook.",  # Homonyms
  "That medicine effects my ability to sleep. Have you heard of the butterfly affect?", # Homonyms
  "This phrase is to cherck chatGPT for speling abilitty"  # spelling
]
for t in text:
    prompt = f"""Proofread and correct the following text
    and rewrite the corrected version. If you don't find
    and errors, just say "No errors found". Don't use 
    any punctuation around the text:
    ```{t}```"""

text = f"""
Got this for my daughter for her birthday cuz she keeps taking 
mine from my room.  Yes, adults also like pandas too.  She takes 
it everywhere with her, and it's super soft and cute.  One of the 
ears is a bit lower than the other, and I don't think that was 
designed to be asymmetrical. It's a bit small for what I paid for it 
though. I think there might be other options that are bigger for 
the same price.  It arrived a day earlier than expected, so I got 
to play with it myself before I gave it to my daughter.
"""
prompt = f"proofread and correct this review: ```{text}```"


from redlines import Redlines

diff = Redlines(text,response)
display(Markdown(diff.output_markdown))

prompt = f"""
proofread and correct this review. Make it more compelling. 
Ensure it follows APA style guide and targets an advanced reader. 
Output in markdown format.
Text: ```{text}```
"""

refer: https://writingprompts.com/bad-grammar-examples/

7. Expanding (expand a shorter text to a longer text)

In this lesson, you will generate customer service emails that are tailored to each customer’s review.

Customize the automated reply to a customer email

# given the sentiment from the lesson on "inferring",
# and the original customer message, customize the email
sentiment = "negative"

# review for a blender
review = f"""
So, they still had the 17 piece system on seasonal 
sale for around $49 in the month of November, about 
half off, but for some reason (call it price gouging) 
around the second week of December the prices all went 
up to about anywhere from between $70-$89 for the same 
system. And the 11 piece system went up around $10 or 
so in price also from the earlier sale price of $29. 
So it looks okay, but if you look at the base, the part 
where the blade locks into place doesn’t look as good 
as in previous editions from a few years ago, but I 
plan to be very gentle with it (example, I crush 
very hard items like beans, ice, rice, etc. in the  
blender first then pulverize them in the serving size 
I want in the blender then switch to the whipping 
blade for a finer flour, and use the cross cutting blade 
first when making smoothies, then use the flat blade 
if I need them finer/less pulpy). Special tip when making 
smoothies, finely cut and freeze the fruits and 
vegetables (if using spinach-lightly stew soften the  
spinach then freeze until ready for use-and if making 
sorbet, use a small to medium sized food processor)  
that you plan to use that way you can avoid adding so 
much ice if at all-when making your smoothie. 
After about a year, the motor was making a funny noise. 
I called customer service but the warranty expired 
already, so I had to buy another one. FYI: The overall 
quality has gone done in these types of products, so 
they are kind of counting on brand recognition and 
consumer loyalty to maintain sales. Got it in about 
two days.
"""
prompt = f"""
You are a customer service AI assistant.
Your task is to send an email reply to a valued customer.
Given the customer email delimited by ```, 
Generate a reply to thank the customer for their review.
If the sentiment is positive or neutral, thank them for 
their review.
If the sentiment is negative, apologize and suggest that 
they can reach out to customer service. 
Make sure to use specific details from the review.
Write in a concise and professional tone.
Sign the email as `AI customer agent`.
Customer review: ```{review}```
Review sentiment: {sentiment}
"""

Remind the model to use details from the customer’s email
For tasks that require reliability, predictability. You can set a lower “temprature”.
For tasks that require variety. You can use a higher “temprature”.

tips: temprature here is a hyperparameter which means randomness of output.

prompt = f"""
You are a customer service AI assistant.
Your task is to send an email reply to a valued customer.
Given the customer email delimited by ```, 
Generate a reply to thank the customer for their review.
If the sentiment is positive or neutral, thank them for 
their review.
If the sentiment is negative, apologize and suggest that 
they can reach out to customer service. 
Make sure to use specific details from the review.
Write in a concise and professional tone.
Sign the email as `AI customer agent`.
Customer review: ```{review}```
Review sentiment: {sentiment}
"""
# request api for ChatGPT, refer to the video tutorial for details 
response = get_completion(prompt, temperature=0.7)
print(response)

8. Chatbots

In this lesson, you will explore how you can utilize the chat format to have extended conversations with chatbots personalized or specialized for specific tasks or behaviors.

This lesson is specific to using the OpenAI API, so I won’t go into too much details. All you need to know is that in order to provide ChatGPT with the chat context, you should append your old prompt to the new prompt.

风语者！平时喜欢研究各种技术，目前在从事后端开发工作，热爱生活、热爱工作。