运行效果

源代码

着色器

 渲染物体的顶点着色器：

#version 330 core
// 传入局部坐标下的顶点坐标
layout( location = 0 ) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 texCoords;

// 传入变换矩阵
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

out vec2 TexCoords;

void main()
{
	gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f);
	TexCoords = texCoords;
}

 渲染物体的片段着色器：

#version 330 core
in vec2 TexCoords;
out vec4 color;

uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse1;

void main()
{
    color = texture(texture_diffuse1, TexCoords);
}

 渲染天空盒的顶点着色器：

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
out vec3 TexCoords;

uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = projection * view * vec4(position, 1.0);  
    TexCoords = position;
}

 渲染天空盒的片段着色器：

#version 330 core
in vec3 TexCoords;
out vec4 color;

uniform samplerCube skybox;

void main()
{
    color = texture(skybox, TexCoords);
}

主程序

// Std. Includes
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

// GLEW
#define GLEW_STATIC
#include <GL/glew.h>

// GLFW
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

// GL includes
#include "Shader.h"
#include "Camera.h"
#include "Model.h"

// GLM Mathemtics
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

// Other Libs
#include <SOIL.h>

// Properties
GLuint screenWidth = 800, screenHeight = 600;

// Function prototypes
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void Do_Movement();
GLuint loadTexture(const GLchar* path);
GLuint loadCubemap(vector<const GLchar*> faces);

// Camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
bool keys[1024];
GLfloat lastX = 400, lastY = 300;
bool firstMouse = true;

GLfloat deltaTime = 0.0f;
GLfloat lastFrame = 0.0f;



// The MAIN function, from here we start our application and run our Game loop
int main()
{
    // Init GLFW
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "LearnOpenGL", nullptr, nullptr); // Windowed
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

    // Set the required callback functions
    glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    // Options
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    // Initialize GLEW to setup the OpenGL Function pointers
    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
    glewInit();

    // Define the viewport dimensions
    glViewport(0, 0, screenWidth, screenHeight);

    // Setup some OpenGL options
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);

    // 着色器(渲染物体和天空盒)
    Shader shader("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\vertexShader.txt", "C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\fragmentShader.txt");
    Shader skyboxShader("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\skyboxVertexShader.txt", "C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\skyboxFragmentShader.txt");

#pragma region "object_initialization"
    // Set the object data (buffers, vertex attributes)
    GLfloat cubeVertices[] = {
        // Positions          // Texture Coords
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
    };
    GLfloat skyboxVertices[] = {
        // Positions          
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

        -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f
    };

    // Setup cube VAO
    GLuint cubeVAO, cubeVBO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
    glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
    glBindVertexArray(0);
    // Setup skybox VAO
    GLuint skyboxVAO, skyboxVBO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &skyboxVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &skyboxVBO);
    glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, skyboxVBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(skyboxVertices), &skyboxVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
    glBindVertexArray(0);

    // Load textures
    GLuint cubeTexture = loadTexture("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\container.jpg");
#pragma endregion

    // 立方体贴图 (天空盒)
    vector<const GLchar*> faces;// 右左上下前后
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\right.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\left.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\top.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\bottom.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\front.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\back.jpg");
    
    // 创建并加载立方体贴图
    GLuint cubemapTexture = loadCubemap(faces);

    // Draw as wireframe
    //glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);

    // Game loop
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // Set frame time
        GLfloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // Check and call events
        glfwPollEvents();
        Do_Movement();

        // Clear buffers
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);


        // 关闭深度缓冲渲染
        glDepthMask(GL_FALSE);// 关闭深度缓冲读写
        // 使用着色器渲染天空盒
        skyboxShader.Use();
        glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(glm::mat3(camera.GetViewMatrix()));	// 移除观察矩阵的位移部分
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        // 绑定VAO、激活纹理单元、传入立方体贴图、绑定立方体贴图对象
        glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "skybox"), 0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, cubemapTexture);
        // 绘制天空盒
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        glBindVertexArray(0);
        glDepthMask(GL_TRUE);

        // 绘制场景中的物体
        shader.Use();
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        view = camera.GetViewMatrix();

        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        // Cubes
        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "texture_diffuse1"), 0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        glBindVertexArray(0);


        // Swap the buffers
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

// Loads a cubemap texture from 6 individual texture faces
// Order should be:
// +X (right)
// -X (left)
// +Y (top)
// -Y (bottom)
// +Z (front) 
// -Z (back)

// 创建并加载立方体贴图
GLuint loadCubemap(vector<const GLchar*> faces)
{
    GLuint textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

    int width, height;
    unsigned char* image;

    // 将纹理绑定到立方体贴图纹理类型
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
    for (GLuint i = 0; i < faces.size(); i++)
    {
        // 依次加载纹理（顺序：右左上下前后）
        image = SOIL_load_image(faces[i], &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
        SOIL_free_image_data(image);
    }
    // 设置立方体贴图纹理的环绕和过滤方式
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    // 解绑立方体贴图
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, 0);

    return textureID;
}


// This function loads a texture from file. Note: texture loading functions like these are usually 
// managed by a 'Resource Manager' that manages all resources (like textures, models, audio). 
// For learning purposes we'll just define it as a utility function.
GLuint loadTexture(const GLchar* path)
{
    //Generate texture ID and load texture data 
    GLuint textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
    int width, height;
    unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image(path, &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
    // Assign texture to ID
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

    // Parameters
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
    SOIL_free_image_data(image);
    return textureID;
}

#pragma region "User input"

// Moves/alters the camera positions based on user input
void Do_Movement()
{
    // Camera controls
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_W])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_S])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_A])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_D])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// Is called whenever a key is pressed/released via GLFW
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode)
{
    if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);

    if (action == GLFW_PRESS)
        keys[key] = true;
    else if (action == GLFW_RELEASE)
        keys[key] = false;
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    GLfloat xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    GLfloat yoffset = lastY - ypos;

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

#pragma endregion

优化

 如果先渲染天空盒再渲染物体，由于场景中天空盒很多的片段可能被物体遮挡，但先渲染天空盒会对天空盒的所有片段执行片段着色器，这样会造成性能的浪费。如果我们先渲染物体，然后只渲染天空盒没有被遮挡的部分，那么会得到优化，如何渲染天空盒没有被遮挡的部分呢？
 透视除法在顶点着色器之后执行，即把gl_Position的xyz除以w元素。我们需要使得天空盒在执行透视除法后z元素为1，因此我们在天空盒的顶点着色器中执行：gl_Position = pos.xyww。pos是顶点在裁剪空间的位置。代码如下：

void main()
{
    vec4 pos = projection * view * vec4(position, 1.0);
    gl_Position = pos.xyww;
    TexCoords = position;
}

 fragment可以使用前置深度测试（early depth testing）简单地被丢弃，这样就节省了我们宝贵的带宽。
所以最后渲染天空盒就能够给我们带来轻微的性能提升。
 运行结果：

 主程序核心代码：

while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // Set frame time
        GLfloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // Check and call events
        glfwPollEvents();
        Do_Movement();

        // Clear buffers
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);


        // Draw scene as normal
        shader.Use();
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        // Cubes
        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "texture_diffuse1"), 0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        glBindVertexArray(0);

        // Draw skybox as last
        glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);  // Change depth function so depth test passes when values are equal to depth buffer's content
        skyboxShader.Use();
        view = glm::mat4(glm::mat3(camera.GetViewMatrix()));	// Remove any translation component of the view matrix
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        // skybox cube
        glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "skybox"), 0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, cubemapTexture);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        glBindVertexArray(0);
        glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); // Set depth function back to default


        // Swap the buffers
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }

环境映射

&emspl;我们现在有了一个把整个环境映射到为一个单独纹理的对象，我们利用这个信息能做的不仅是天空盒。使用带有场景环境的立方体贴图，我们还可以让物体有一个反射或折射属性。像这样使用了环境立方体贴图的技术叫做环境贴图技术，其中最重要的两个是反射(reflection)和折射(refraction)。

反射

 运行效果：

 物体的顶点着色器：

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 normal;

out vec3 Normal;
out vec3 Position;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f);
    Normal = mat3(transpose(inverse(model))) * normal;
    Position = vec3(model * vec4(position, 1.0f));
}

 物体的片段着色器：

#version 330 core
in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 Position;
out vec4 color;

uniform vec3 cameraPos;
uniform samplerCube skybox;

void main()
{
    vec3 I = normalize(Position - cameraPos);
    vec3 R = reflect(I, normalize(Normal));
    color = texture(skybox, R);
}

 主程序核心代码：

shader.Use();
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
glUniform3f(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "cameraPos"), camera.Position.x, camera.Position.y, camera.Position.z);
// Cubes
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, skyboxTexture);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glBindVertexArray(0);

 在天空盒场景中渲染模型：

 核心代码：

	Model ourModel("D:\Download\nanosuit\nanosuit.obj");

    // Draw as wireframe
    //glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);

    // Game loop
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        GLfloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // Check and call events
        glfwPollEvents();
        Do_Movement();

        // Clear buffers
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);


        // 使用着色器程序
        shader.Use();

        // 计算各种变换矩阵
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));

        // 传入着色器变换矩阵
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.75f, 0.0f)); // Translate it down a bit so it's at the center of the scene
        model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f));	// It's a bit too big for our scene, so scale it down
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));

        // 使用着色器渲染模型
        ourModel.Draw(shader);

        // Draw skybox as last
        glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);  // Change depth function so depth test passes when values are equal to depth buffer's content
        skyboxShader.Use();
        view = glm::mat4(glm::mat3(camera.GetViewMatrix()));	// Remove any translation component of the view matrix
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        // skybox cube0
        glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "skybox"), 0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, skyboxTexture);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        glBindVertexArray(0);
        glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); // Set depth function back to default
        GLuint errorCode = glGetError();
        if (errorCode)
            std::cout << errorCode << std::endl;
        // Swap the buffers
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }

 反射贴图：

折射

 运行结果：

动态环境贴图

 现在，我们已经使用了静态图像组合的天空盒，看起来不错，但是没有考虑到物体可能移动的实际场景。我们到现在还没注意到这点，是因为我们目前还只使用了一个物体。如果我们有个镜子一样的物体，它周围有多个物体，只有天空盒在镜子中可见，和场景中只有这一个物体一样。
 使用帧缓冲可以为提到的物体的所有6个不同角度创建一个场景的纹理，把它们每次渲染迭代储存为一个立方体贴图。之后我们可以使用这个（动态生成的）立方体贴图来创建真实的反射和折射表面，这样就能包含所有其他物体了。这种方法叫做动态环境映射(Dynamic Environment Mapping),因为我们动态地创建了一个物体的以其四周为参考的立方体贴图，并把它用作环境贴图。
 它看起效果很好，但是有一个劣势：使用环境贴图我们必须为每个物体渲染场景6次，这需要非常大的开销。现代应用尝试尽量使用天空盒子，凡可能预编译立方体贴图就创建少量动态环境贴图。动态环境映射是个非常棒的技术，要想在不降低执行效率的情况下实现它就需要很多巧妙的技巧。

练习

 运行效果：

源代码

 物体顶点着色器：

#version 330 core
// 模型的顶点、法向量、纹理坐标(局部坐标系)
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 normal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoords;

//  模型顶点的世界法向量、世界坐标、纹理坐标
out vec3 Normal;
out vec3 Position;
out vec2 TexCoords;

// 变换矩阵
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f);
    // 计算世界法向量、坐标
    Normal = mat3(transpose(inverse(model))) * normal;
    Position = vec3(model * vec4(position, 1.0f));
    TexCoords = texCoords;
}

 物体片段着色器：

#version 330 core
// 世界法向量、坐标、纹理
in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 Position;
in vec2 TexCoords;

// 摄像机坐标、漫反射贴图、反射贴图、天空盒贴图
uniform vec3 cameraPos;
uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse1;
uniform sampler2D texture_reflection1;
uniform samplerCube skybox;

out vec4 color;

void main()
{             
    // 计算漫反射
    vec4 diffuse_color = texture(texture_diffuse1, TexCoords);
    // 计算反射
    vec3 I = normalize(Position - cameraPos);
    vec3 R = reflect(I, normalize(Normal));
    float reflect_intensity = texture(texture_reflection1, TexCoords).r;
    vec4 reflect_color;
    if(reflect_intensity > 0.1) // Only sample reflections when above a certain treshold
        reflect_color = texture(skybox, R) * reflect_intensity;
    // 得到最终颜色
    color = diffuse_color + reflect_color;
}

 天空盒顶点着色器：

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
out vec3 TexCoords;

uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;

void main()
{
    vec4 pos = projection * view * vec4(position, 1.0f);
    gl_Position = pos.xyww;  
    TexCoords = position;
}

 天空盒片段着色器：

#version 330 core
in vec3 TexCoords;
out vec4 color;

uniform samplerCube skybox;

void main()
{
    color = texture(skybox, TexCoords);
}

 主程序：

// Std. Includes
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

// GLEW
#define GLEW_STATIC
#include <GL/glew.h>

// GLFW
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

// GL includes
#include "Shader.h"
#include "Camera.h"
#include "Model.h"

// GLM Mathemtics
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

// Other Libs
#include <SOIL.h>

// Properties
GLuint screenWidth = 800, screenHeight = 600;

// Function prototypes
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void Do_Movement();
GLuint loadTexture(GLchar* path, GLboolean alpha = false);
GLuint loadCubemap(vector<const GLchar*> faces);

// Camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
bool keys[1024];
GLfloat lastX = 400, lastY = 300;
bool firstMouse = true;

GLfloat deltaTime = 0.0f;
GLfloat lastFrame = 0.0f;



// The MAIN function, from here we start our application and run our Game loop
int main()
{
    // Init GLFW
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(screenWidth, screenHeight, "LearnOpenGL", nullptr, nullptr); // Windowed
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

    // Set the required callback functions
    glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    // Options
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    // Initialize GLEW to setup the OpenGL Function pointers
    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
    glewInit();
    glGetError(); // Debug GLEW bug fix

    // Define the viewport dimensions
    glViewport(0, 0, screenWidth, screenHeight);

    // Setup some OpenGL options
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);

    // Setup and compile our shaders
    Shader shader("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\vertexShader.txt", "C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\fragmentShader.txt");
    Shader skyboxShader("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\skyboxVertexShader.txt", "C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Shader\skyboxFragmentShader.txt");


#pragma region "object_initialization"
    GLfloat skyboxVertices[] = {
        // 天空盒立方体的顶点（也是纹理坐标）      
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

        -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
        -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f
    };
    // 设置天空盒VAO (VAO和VBO申请、VAO和VBO绑定、传入VBO数据 启用顶点属性 设置数据解析方式、解绑VAO)
    GLuint skyboxVAO, skyboxVBO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &skyboxVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &skyboxVBO);
    glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, skyboxVBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(skyboxVertices), &skyboxVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
    glBindVertexArray(0);

#pragma endregion

    // 设置立方体贴图数组、根据数组加载天空盒纹理
    vector<const GLchar*> faces;                                                    // 右左上下前后
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\right.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\left.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\top.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\bottom.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\front.jpg");
    faces.push_back("C:\Users\32156\source\repos\LearnOpenGL\Resource\skyBox\15\back.jpg");
    GLuint skyboxTexture = loadCubemap(faces);

    // 加载模型
    Model ourModel("D:\Download\nanosuit\nanosuit.obj");

    // Draw as wireframe
    //glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);

    // Game loop
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // Set frame time
        GLfloat currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // Check and call events
        glfwPollEvents();
        Do_Movement();

        // Clear buffers
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);


        // Draw scene as normal
        shader.Use();
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f));	// It's a bit too big for our scene, so scale it down
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(camera.Zoom, (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "model"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        glUniform3f(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "cameraPos"), camera.Position.x, camera.Position.y, camera.Position.z);

        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE3); // We already have 3 texture units active (in this shader) so set the skybox as the 4th texture unit (texture units are 0 based so index number 3)
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "skybox"), 3);
        // Now draw the nanosuit
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, skyboxTexture);
        ourModel.Draw(shader);

        // Draw skybox as last
        glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);  // Change depth function so depth test passes when values are equal to depth buffer's content
        skyboxShader.Use();
        view = glm::mat4(glm::mat3(camera.GetViewMatrix()));	// Remove any translation component of the view matrix
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
        glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(skyboxShader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
        // skybox cube
        glBindVertexArray(skyboxVAO);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "skybox"), 0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, skyboxTexture);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        glBindVertexArray(0);
        glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); // Set depth function back to default


        // Swap the buffers
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

// Loads a cubemap texture from 6 individual texture faces
// Order should be:
// +X (right)
// -X (left)
// +Y (top)
// -Y (bottom)
// +Z (front)
// -Z (back)
GLuint loadCubemap(vector<const GLchar*> faces)
{
    GLuint textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

    int width, height;
    unsigned char* image;

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
    for (GLuint i = 0; i < faces.size(); i++)
    {
        image = SOIL_load_image(faces[i], &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
        SOIL_free_image_data(image);
    }
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, 0);

    return textureID;
}


// This function loads a texture from file. Note: texture loading functions like these are usually 
// managed by a 'Resource Manager' that manages all resources (like textures, models, audio). 
// For learning purposes we'll just define it as a utility function.
GLuint loadTexture(GLchar* path)
{
    //Generate texture ID and load texture data 
    GLuint textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
    int width, height;
    unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image(path, &width, &height, 0, SOIL_LOAD_RGB);
    // Assign texture to ID
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

    // Parameters
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
    SOIL_free_image_data(image);
    return textureID;
}

#pragma region "User input"

// Moves/alters the camera positions based on user input
void Do_Movement()
{
    // Camera controls
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_W])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_S])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_A])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (keys[GLFW_KEY_D])
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// Is called whenever a key is pressed/released via GLFW
void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mode)
{
    if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);

    if (action == GLFW_PRESS)
        keys[key] = true;
    else if (action == GLFW_RELEASE)
        keys[key] = false;
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    GLfloat xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    GLfloat yoffset = lastY - ypos;

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

#pragma endregion